The companies primary business has always been copper mining and refining but has also interest in lead processing. Upon the many products manufactured by American Smelting and Refining Company, various grades of Babbitt were included. Many different grades of Babbitt were sold and marketed over the years by many different companies with some still being commercially available today. With so many types being manufactured through the years, it is not uncommon to find vintage ingots of Babbitt at garage sales, hardware stores, on-line auctions and various other sources. Because of this, this guide will show pictures and give details on Babbitt ingots commonly found. As information on the composition of different brands becomes available to us, we will add them to this guide.

It was found that 20% of tin added to the aluminium improved seizure resistance and that cold working and annealing helped to prevent brittleness. Special features are their good resistance to corrosion, high thermal conductivity and high fatigue strength, but they have the disadvantages of only moderate embedding properties, poor compatibility and high coefficients of thermal expansion. If used as solid unbacked bearings this type of alloy is usually too weak to maintain an interference fit and too hard to run satisfactorily against an unhardened shaft. Considerable improvement in antiscoring characteristics and embedability is obtained by using a thin-lead babbitt or electrodeposited lead-tin overlay. Because of their high strength, however, they have fairly low ductility and do not conform or embed well. Surfaces must also be extremely smooth, with both shaft and bearing finished to 1520 in RMS. Careful attention should be given to lubricant cleanliness and reliability, the latter because these alloys do not have the anti-seizing properties typical of the leaded and tin bearing bronzes. On the other hand, the aluminum bronzes have excellent corrosion resistance and are ideally suited for such applications as marine propellers and pump impellers. The aluminum bronzes also have superior elevated temperature strength. They are the only bronzes – and the only conventional bearing material able to operate at temperatures exceeding 50OF.

An issue with clearances is that it is almost always related to inconsistent journal sizes or housing bore diam­eters. All engine builders have prefer­ences when it comes to checking rod bearing clearances. The procedure is critical because we are taking about tenths of a thousandth of an inch. Because the rollers are splash oiled off the spinning crankshaft they do not require pressurized oil­ing. When the bearings are press fit in the block they cover the oil feed holes for the camshaft, reduc­ing oil flow volume through the engine with less oil through the pump, hence less drag. That said, some builders shy away from roll­ers because of the havoc they wreak when they fail.

Copper tin lead Alloy

One of the most successful aluminum-base engine bearing alloys in recent years has been a variation on the SAE 788 alloy that contains 8% tin, 3% silicon and 1.5 to 2% lead. This paper presents two new lead-free aluminum materials derived from this alloy, recently released for general use. They have performance characteristics designed for specific applications, the former for lighter loads and higher sliding speeds such as bushings and main bearings, and the latter for higher loaded applications such as rod bearings. This paper also presents two additional lead-free alloy developments soon to be released, one alloy designed for even higher loading conditions and one alloy designed for unfavorable geometric conditions such as misalignment. Tri-metal bearings consist of a hard steel shell to provide con­formability and load-bearing capac­ity. The shells are then coated with copper, lead, and tin to provide the desired characteristics. The bearing shell surface is first treated with a copper micro-structure that incor­porates minute pockets. This matrix is then covered with an overlay of a tin-copper mix or lead-indium.

As the shaft begins to turn, oil from around the bearing will be pulled under the rotating shaft until there is a wedged-shaped film of oil completely around the shaft. If conditions are right and adequate lubrication is present, the shaft will actually be floating on a thin film of oil and will not come in contact with the bearing material, resulting in an extremely low coefficient of friction. Born July 26, 1799 in Taunton, Massachusetts, Babbitt was well known as an inventor by trade. In 1839, he received a patent for a white metal alloy that showed excellent bearing properties. The original formula for Babbitt’s bearing metal was 89.3% tin, 7.1% antimony and 3.6% copper and that formula is still marketed today by some manufacturers as ASTM B-23 Grade 2 Babbitt or as “Genuine Babbitt”. Its major disadvantage is its shorter fatigue life compared to SAE 52100. However, some applications integrate the properties of high fatigue and corrosion resistance by using chrome-coated bearings made of the standard SAE steel .

PEEK is a high-performance engineering plastic with outstanding resistance to harsh chemicals, and excellent mechanical strength and dimensional stability. It offers hydrolysis resistance to steam, water, and sea water. PEEK has the ability to maintain stiffness at high temperatures and is suitable for continuous use at temperatures up to 338oF . This engineering plastic has a proven track record in challenging environments such as aerospace, oil and gas, food and beverage processing, and semiconductor. Multi-Purpose – Mobil Infinitec 152 also is ideal for a wide range of multi-purpose industrial applications requiring long-life or extended-lubrication cycles at high temperatures. Its excellent water resistance and extreme-pressure protection exceed the performance levels of conventional multi-purpose light-to-medium-duty industrial greases. Mobil Infinitec 152 achieved an average life of 390 hours – more than four times better than the life of a conventional premium lithium-complex grease that was specifically designed for automotive wheel bearing applications. Replacement of the ineffective side portions of the journal by pads capable of carrying load will considerably increase its capacity. Tilting pads based on those developed by Michell for thrust blocks (Figure 8.4a) are used for the purpose.

It features excellent machining properties, good hardness, wear resistance, and great anti-friction qualities. CDA 932 is not subject to dezincification and has decent corrosion resistance. Teflon is a soft material with a low resistance to wear and creep but can be improved by a thousand times through the incorporation of additives, such as fibres or particulates of harder materials . Non-metallic bearing materials provide a variety of properties that are suitable for a large number of applications. Non-metallic bearing materials can be classified into plastics, ceramics, rubber, carbon graphite, and other materials. Bearings used in large marine diesel engines are tin based babbitt metals. Tin based white metals have 4 times the load bearing characteristics and two and a half times the maximum surface speed of lead based white metals.

Offering superior performance in a wide variety of applications, GGB’s self-aligning assemblies are available in both standard and custom configurations. GGB’s Fiber Reinforced Composite products typically consists of a filament-wound, fiberglass-impregnated, epoxy backing with a variety of low-friction wear-resistant bearing linings. These self-lubricating fiber reinforced composite bearings are particularly effective in applications where the relative motion is not sufficient to promote circulation of the oil or grease used with more conventional bearings. GGB Fiber Reinforced Composite bearings are available as bushes, plates, bearing segments and special forms, depending on the particular material type. GGB’s Engineered Plastic Polymer bearingsprovide excellent wear resistance and low friction in both dry and lubricated operating conditions over a wide range of applications. Engineered plastic bearings are made from thermoplastic bearing material processed by injection moulding.

These rocks are all produced at depths in excess of 120 km and thus can bring diamond to the surface as xenocrysts. Ultrapotassic granites are a known hos for much granite-hosted gold mineralisation. Significant porphyry-style mineralisation is won from highly potassic to ultrapotassic granites. Ultrapotassic A-type intracontinental granites may be associated with fluorite and columbite-tantalite mineralization. The calc-alkaline lamprophyres are also known as ordinary lamprophyres and they consist of Minettes, Vosegites, Kersantites and Spessartites. This lamprophyres are, in term of average chemical composition, virtually indistinguishable. The Assyrian king Sennacherib ( BC) claimed to be the first person to cast huge bronze sculptures using two-part molds, although the lost-wax method was used to cast sculptures long before this time. What is the current Mean Time Between Failure and what is your goal to improve operational life? If you have a highly problematic application that involves frequent bearing failure, you may have very definitive goals for improvement.